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This book satisfies the needs of students and specialists, practitioners of ophthalmology, and undergraduates and postgraduates alike. The book clearly elucidates the basic elementary principles of optics and refraction. While doing so, it introduces adequate though not complex mathematical calculations in such a way that they are easy to follow. It is written in simple English as it is spoken and understood by the students and practitioners in this country. The book contains practical hints which make the understanding and practice of refraction easy. The book recognizes that refraction is not only a science but it is also an art in its practice. The book has been revised with the addition of material on lasers, elaborating descriptions on several optical principles adding new diagrams to make the written matter more understandable. The use of cross cylinders and their optics have been given in greater detail to enable the student to put them in practical use. The use of keratometers, their principles, and optics have been revised. To the description of autorefractors has been added some relevant material.

Some classifications have been tabulated before their descriptions, e.g., classification of anisometropia, aniseikonia, anomalies of accommodation, components of convergence. Convergence insufficiency has also been tabulated. At several places in ocular motility diseases, convergence, accommodation, etc. more details have been added including anatomical and physiological. Classification of squint has been tabulated. Material has been added in the chapter on contact lenses to make them more lucid. Low vision aid still poses a problem. Considerably more material has been added in this chapter. Malingering is becoming more common with the increasing industrialization of the country. In view of this, information with regard to malingering tests is included in this edition. This book has been so thoroughly revised that it has become quite comprehensive; though the style of presentation has been preserved.