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IntroductionMethods of sectioning 266 autopsy spinesSection 1: Normal Anatomy1 Structure and function 2 Disc: its part and their functions3 Facets: structure and function4 Nerves: In spinal canal and intervertebral foramen5 Muscles and MovementSection 2: Age changes1 Osteoporosis: effects on vertebrae and on disc shape2 Degenerative changes in discs3 Disc fissuring and disc protrusion4 Decline in ranges of movement with increase in age5 Increase creep with age6 Facet changes: arthritic changes; remodeling7 Spinal stenosis and nerve impingement8 Severe disc changes and segmental instability9 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis10 Facet joint fat pads: their increase in early instabilitySection 3: Injuries1 Thoracic and lumbar injuries contrast with cervical injuries2 Vertebral end-plate fracture and collapse3 Facet joint injuries: which are often occult.Section 4: Lower Back Pain and Radicular Pain1 The lumbar spine and cancer metastases.
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